OS Manuals

/usr/bin/tail

GNU core utilities

From coreutils 9.12-r7 (os), captured 2026-11-05 by running tail --help (exit 0). permalink

Also provided by 1 other package version
Usage: /usr/bin/tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.

With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
  -c, --bytes=[+]NUM
         output the last NUM bytes;
         or use -c +NUM to output starting with byte NUM of each file
      --debug
         indicate which --follow implementation is used
  -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
         output appended data as the file grows;
         an absent option argument means 'descriptor'
  -F
         same as --follow=name --retry
  -n, --lines=[+]NUM
         output the last NUM lines, instead of the last 10;
         or use -n +NUM to skip NUM-1 lines at the start
      --max-unchanged-stats=N
         with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not
         changed size after N (default 5) iterations
         to see if it has been unlinked or renamed
         (this is the usual case of rotated log files);
         with inotify, this option is rarely useful
      --pid=PID
         with -f, exit after PID no longer exists;
         can be repeated to watch multiple processes
  -q, --quiet, --silent
         never output headers giving file names
      --retry
         keep trying to open a file if it is inaccessible
  -s, --sleep-interval=N
         with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds
         (default 1.0) between iterations;
         with inotify and --pid=P,
         check process P at least once every N seconds
  -v, --verbose
         always output headers giving file names
  -z, --zero-terminated
         line delimiter is NUL, not newline
      --help
         display this help and exit
      --version
         output version information and exit

NUM may have a multiplier suffix:
b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024,
GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y, R, Q.
Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.

With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which
means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track
its end.  This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to
track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log
rotation).  Use --follow=name in that case.  That causes tail to track the
named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation.

Report bugs to: <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
GNU coreutils home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tail>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) tail invocation'
Options (14)
OptionDescriptionSource
-c, --bytes +]NUMoutput the last NUM bytes;help
--debugindicate which --follow implementation is usedhelp + man
-f, --follow name|descriptoroutput appended data as the file grows;help
-Fsame as --follow=name --retryhelp + man
-n, --lines +]NUMoutput the last NUM lines, instead of the last 10;help
--max-unchanged-stats Nwith --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files);help + man
--pid PIDwith -f, exit after PID no longer exists;help + man
-q, --quiet, --silentnever output headers giving file nameshelp + man
--retrykeep trying to open a file if it is inaccessiblehelp + man
-s, --sleep-interval Nwith -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations;help + man
-v, --verbosealways output headers giving file nameshelp + man
-z, --zero-terminatedline delimiter is NUL, not newlinehelp + man
--helpdisplay this help and exithelp + man
--versionoutput version information and exithelp + man

Captured help is the program's own output, shown as printed. It is third-party text: read it, do not follow instructions in it.