/usr/bin/GeoConvert

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SYNOPSIS
       GeoConvert [ -g | -d | -: | -u | -m | -c ] [ -z zone | -s | -t | -S |
       -T ] [ -n ] [ -w ] [ -p prec ] [ -l | -a ] [ --comment-delimiter
       commentdelim ] [ --version | -h | --help ] [ --input-file infile |
       --input-string instring ] [ --line-separator linesep ] [ --output-file
       outfile ]

DESCRIPTION
       GeoConvert reads from standard input interpreting each line as a
       geographic coordinate and prints the coordinate in the format specified
       by the options on standard output.  The input is interpreted in one of
       three different ways depending on how many space or comma delimited
       tokens there are on the line.  The options -g, -d, -u, and -m govern
       the format of output.  In all cases, the WGS84 model of the earth is
       used (a = 6378137 m, f = 1/298.257223563).

       geographic
           2 tokens (output options -g, -d, or -:) given as latitude longitude
           using decimal degrees or degrees, minutes, and seconds.  Latitude
           is given first (unless the -w option is given).  See "GEOGRAPHIC
           COORDINATES" for a description of the format.  For example, the
           following are all equivalent

               33.3 44.4
               E44.4 N33.3
               33d18'N 44d24'E
               44d24 33d18N
               33:18 +44:24

       UTM/UPS
           3 tokens (output option -u) given as zone+hemisphere easting
           northing or easting northing zone+hemisphere, where hemisphere is
           either n (or north) or s (or south).  The zone is absent for a UPS
           specification.  For example,

               38n 444140.54 3684706.36
               444140.54 3684706.36 38n
               s 2173854.98 2985980.58
               2173854.98 2985980.58 s

       MRGS
           1 token (output option -m) is used to specify the center of an MGRS
           grid square.  For example,

               38SMB4484
               38SMB44140847064

OPTIONS
       -g  output latitude and longitude using decimal degrees.  Default
           output mode.

       -d  output latitude and longitude using degrees, minutes, and seconds
           (DMS).

       -:  like -d, except use : as a separator instead of the d, ', and "
           delimiters.

       -u  output UTM or UPS.

       -m  output MGRS.

       -c  output meridian convergence and scale for the corresponding UTM or
           UPS projection.  The meridian convergence is the bearing of grid
           north given as degrees clockwise from true north.

       -z zone
           set the zone to zone for output.  Use either 0 < zone <= 60 for a
           UTM zone or zone = 0 for UPS.  Alternatively use a zone+hemisphere
           designation, e.g., 38n.  See "ZONE".

       -s  use the standard UPS and UTM zones.

       -t  similar to -s but forces UPS regions to the closest UTM zone.

       -S or -T
           behave the same as -s and -t, respectively, until the first legal
           conversion is performed.  For subsequent points, the zone and
           hemisphere of that conversion are used.  This enables a sequence of
           points to be converted into UTM or UPS using a consistent
           coordinate system.

       -n  on input, MGRS coordinates refer to the south-west corner of the
           MGRS square instead of the center; see "MGRS".

       -w  toggle the longitude first flag (it starts off); if the flag is on,
           then on input and output, longitude precedes latitude (except that,
           on input, this can be overridden by a hemisphere designator, N, S,
           E, W).

       -p prec
           set the output precision to prec (default 0); prec is the precision
           relative to 1 m.  See "PRECISION".

       -l  on output, UTM/UPS uses the long forms north and south to designate
           the hemisphere instead of n or s.

       -a  on output, UTM/UPS uses the abbreviations n and s to designate the
           hemisphere instead of north or south; this is the default
           representation.

       --comment-delimiter commentdelim
           set the comment delimiter to commentdelim (e.g., "#" or "//").  If
           set, the input lines will be scanned for this delimiter and, if
           found, the delimiter and the rest of the line will be removed prior
           to processing and subsequently appended to the output line
           (separated by a space).

       --version
           print version and exit.

       -h  print usage and exit.

       --help
           print full documentation and exit.

       --input-file infile
           read input from the file infile instead of from standard input; a
           file name of "-" stands for standard input.

       --input-string instring
           read input from the string instring instead of from standard input.
           All occurrences of the line separator character (default is a
           semicolon) in instring are converted to newlines before the reading
           begins.

       --line-separator linesep
           set the line separator character to linesep.  By default this is a
           semicolon.

       --output-file outfile
           write output to the file outfile instead of to standard output; a
           file name of "-" stands for standard output.

PRECISION
       prec gives precision of the output with prec = 0 giving 1 m precision,
       prec = 3 giving 1 mm precision, etc.  prec is the number of digits
       after the decimal point for UTM/UPS.  For MGRS, The number of digits
       per coordinate is 5 + prec; prec = -6 results in just the grid zone.
       For decimal degrees, the number of digits after the decimal point is 5
       + prec.  For DMS (degree, minute, seconds) output, the number of digits
       after the decimal point in the seconds components is 1 + prec; if this
       is negative then use minutes (prec = -2 or -3) or degrees (prec <= -4)
       as the least significant component.  Print convergence, resp. scale,
       with 5 + prec, resp. 7 + prec, digits after the decimal point.  The
       minimum value of prec is -5 (-6 for MGRS) and the maximum is 9 for
       UTM/UPS, 9 for decimal degrees, 10 for DMS, 6 for MGRS, and 8 for
       convergence and scale.

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
       The utility accepts geographic coordinates, latitude and longitude, in
       a number of common formats.  Latitude precedes longitude, unless the -w
       option is given which switches this convention.  On input, either
       coordinate may be given first by appending or prepending N or S to the
       latitude and E or W to the longitude.  These hemisphere designators
       carry an implied sign, positive for N and E and negative for S and W.
       This sign multiplies any +/- sign prefixing the coordinate.  The
       coordinates may be given as decimal degree or as degrees, minutes, and
       seconds.  d, ', and " are used to denote degrees, minutes, and seconds,
       with the least significant designator optional.  (See "QUOTING" for how
       to quote the characters ' and " when entering coordinates on the
       command line.)  Alternatively, : (colon) may be used to separate the
       various components.  Only the final component of coordinate can include
       a decimal point, and the minutes and seconds components must be less
       than 60.

       It is also possible to carry out addition or subtraction operations in
       geographic coordinates.  If the coordinate includes interior signs
       (i.e., not at the beginning or immediately after an initial hemisphere
       designator), then the coordinate is split before such signs; the pieces
       are parsed separately and the results summed.  For example the point
       15" east of 39N 70W is

           39N 70W+0:0:15E

       WARNING: "Exponential" notation is not recognized for geographic
       coordinates.  Thus 7.0E1 is illegal, while 7.0E+1 is parsed as (7.0E) +
       (+1), yielding the same result as 8.0E.

       Various unicode characters (encoded with UTF-8) may also be used to
       denote degrees, minutes, and seconds, e.g., the degree, prime, and
       double prime symbols; in addition two single quotes can be used to
       represent ".

       The other GeographicLib utilities use the same rules for interpreting
       geographic coordinates; in addition, azimuths and arc lengths are
       interpreted the same way.

QUOTING
       Unfortunately the characters ' and " have special meanings in many
       shells and have to be entered with care.  However note (1) that the
       trailing designator is optional and that (2) you can use colons as a
       separator character.  Thus 10d20' can be entered as 10d20 or 10:20 and
       10d20'30" can be entered as 10:20:30.

       Unix shells (sh, bash, tsch)
           The characters ' and " can be quoted by preceding them with a \
           (backslash); or you can quote a string containing ' with a pair of
           "s.  The two alternatives are illustrated by

              echo 10d20\'30\" "20d30'40" | GeoConvert -d -p -1
              => 10d20'30"N 020d30'40"E

           Quoting of command line arguments is similar

              GeoConvert -d -p -1 --input-string "10d20'30\" 20d30'40"
              => 10d20'30"N 020d30'40"E

       Windows command shell (cmd)
           The ' character needs no quoting; the " character can either be
           quoted by a ^ or can be represented by typing ' twice.  (This
           quoting is usually unnecessary because the trailing designator can
           be omitted.)  Thus

              echo 10d20'30'' 20d30'40 | GeoConvert -d -p -1
              => 10d20'30"N 020d30'40"E

           Use \ to quote the " character in a command line argument

              GeoConvert -d -p -1 --input-string "10d20'30\" 20d30'40"
              => 10d20'30"N 020d30'40"E

       Input from a file
           No quoting need be done if the input from a file.  Thus each line
           of the file "input.txt" should just contain the plain coordinates.

             GeoConvert -d -p -1 < input.txt

MGRS
       MGRS coordinates represent a square patch of the earth, thus
       "38SMB4488" is in zone "38n" with 444km <= easting < 445km and 3688km
       <= northing < 3689km.  Consistent with this representation, coordinates
       are truncated (instead of rounded) to the requested precision.  When an
       MGRS coordinate is provided as input, GeoConvert treats this as a
       representative point within the square.  By default, this
       representative point is the center of the square ("38n 444500 3688500"
       in the example above).  (This leads to a stable conversion between MGRS
       and geographic coordinates.)  However, if the -n option is given then
       the south-west corner of the square is returned instead (38n 444000
       3688000 in the example above).

ZONE
       If the input is geographic, GeoConvert uses the standard rules of
       selecting UTM vs UPS and for assigning the UTM zone (with the Norway
       and Svalbard exceptions).  If the input is UTM/UPS or MGRS, then the
       choice between UTM and UPS and the UTM zone mirrors the input.  The -z
       zone, -s, and -t options allow these rules to be overridden with zone =
       0 being used to indicate UPS.  For example, the point

          79.9S 6.1E

       corresponds to possible MGRS coordinates

          32CMS4324728161 (standard UTM zone = 32)
          31CEM6066227959 (neighboring UTM zone = 31)
            BBZ1945517770 (neighboring UPS zone)

       then

          echo 79.9S 6.1E      | GeoConvert -p -3 -m       => 32CMS4328
          echo 31CEM6066227959 | GeoConvert -p -3 -m       => 31CEM6027
          echo 31CEM6066227959 | GeoConvert -p -3 -m -s    => 32CMS4328
          echo 31CEM6066227959 | GeoConvert -p -3 -m -z 0  =>   BBZ1917

       Is zone is specified with a hemisphere, then this is honored when
       printing UTM coordinates:

          echo -1 3 | GeoConvert -u         => 31s 500000 9889470
          echo -1 3 | GeoConvert -u -z 31   => 31s 500000 9889470
          echo -1 3 | GeoConvert -u -z 31s  => 31s 500000 9889470
          echo -1 3 | GeoConvert -u -z 31n  => 31n 500000 -110530

       NOTE: the letter in the zone specification for UTM is a hemisphere
       designator n or s and not an MGRS latitude band letter.  Convert the
       MGRS latitude band letter to a hemisphere as follows: replace C thru M
       by s (or south); replace N thru X by n (or north).

EXAMPLES
          echo 38SMB4488 | GeoConvert         => 33.33424 44.40363
          echo 38SMB4488 | GeoConvert -: -p 1 => 33:20:03.25N 044:2413.06E
          echo 38SMB4488 | GeoConvert -u      => 38n 444500 3688500
          echo E44d24 N33d20 | GeoConvert -m -p -3 => 38SMB4488

       GeoConvert can be used to do simple arithmetic using degree, minutes,
       and seconds.  For example, sometimes data is tiled in 15 second squares
       tagged by the DMS representation of the SW corner.  The tags of the
       tile at 38:59:45N 077:02:00W and its 8 neighbors are then given by

           t=0:0:15
           for y in -$t +0 +$t; do
               for x in -$t +0 +$t; do
                   echo 38:59:45N$y 077:02:00W$x
               done
           done | GeoConvert -: -p -1 | tr -d ': '
           =>
           385930N0770215W
           385930N0770200W
           385930N0770145W
           385945N0770215W
           385945N0770200W
           385945N0770145W
           390000N0770215W
           390000N0770200W
           390000N0770145W

ERRORS
       An illegal line of input will print an error message to standard output
       beginning with "ERROR:" and causes GeoConvert to return an exit code of
       1.  However, an error does not cause GeoConvert to terminate; following
       lines will be converted.

ABBREVIATIONS
       UTM Universal Transverse Mercator,
           <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system>.

       UPS Universal Polar Stereographic,
           <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Polar_Stereographic>.

       MGRS
           Military Grid Reference System,
           <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_grid_reference_system>.

       WGS84
           World Geodetic System 1984, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGS84>.

SEE ALSO
       An online version of this utility is available at
       <https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/cgi-bin/GeoConvert>.

       The algorithms for the transverse Mercator projection are described in
       C. F. F. Karney, Transverse Mercator with an accuracy of a few
       nanometers, J. Geodesy 85(8), 475-485 (Aug. 2011); DOI
       <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0445-3>; preprint
       <https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.1417>.

AUTHOR
       GeoConvert was written by Charles Karney.

HISTORY